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標題: VR的发展史 [打印本頁]
作者: cf9ac483-0ecf-4759-96fb-93ba3835a89c 時間: 2022-7-19 19:56
標題: VR的发展史
1999 年上映的《黑客帝国》，在科幻爱好者间引起了一股热潮，主角Neo 在虚拟世界中有如神一般随心所欲的瞬间切换场所，飞天入地，甚至能躲开飞速而来的子弹。这种种离奇体验，让人们拍案叫绝，羡慕不已。
虽然这一切都只存在于Matrix的虚拟空间中，但因为各种感官刺激信号通过头部后面的接口直接传入大脑，绕过了各种感受器官。对于人类来说，根本区分不开现实与虚幻。所有的感受（触觉、视觉、嗅觉等等）都与真实无异。
然而在人类现今技术水平下，脑后“插管” 的方式只是科学幻想。当前的虚拟现实，还只能通过在“外部” 干预各个感官（眼睛、耳朵等）的输入，来营造虚拟的氛围。比如，最常见的VR眼镜，3D环绕音响，震动反馈手套等等。其中以VR眼镜的实现难度最大，技术含量最高，因为人的眼睛是接收信息量最大的器官，也是最难欺骗的器官。
本专栏将会发表系列文章《八一八VR虚拟现实》，系统介绍一下VR眼镜的发展史，主流设备介绍、目前的技术难题、应用场景等。希望对大家能有所帮助。
一. VR眼镜的发展史1930s 科学幻想VR（Virtual Reality） 即虚拟现实，在过去的2016 年，受到了人们的热捧。虽然人们喜欢称2016年为VR 元年。但其实早在上个世纪30年代，作家Stanley G.Weinbaum就在其小说《皮格马利翁的眼镜》中，提到了这样一种虚拟现实的眼镜。
当人们戴上它时，可以看到、听到、闻到里面的角色感受到的事物，有如真实的生活在其中一般。历史再一次证明，科幻小说是引领科学发展方向的先头部队。
1950s-1960s 早期研究上个世纪50年代中期，爱折腾的美国摄影师Morton Heilig 发明了第一台VR设备：Sensorama （1962年提交专利）。这台设备被一些人认为是VR 设备的鼻祖。
它非常庞大（如下图），屏幕固定，拥有3D立体声、3D显示、震动座椅、风扇（模拟风吹）以及气味生成器。可见，在早期，人们对虚拟现实的理解，就已经不仅限于视觉。
1960年，又是Morton Heilig ，提交的一份设计更为巧妙的VR 眼镜的专利文件，将Weinbaum 小说里幻想的设备，拉到了现实中。
从外观上看，这套VR设备的设计，跟现代VR眼镜非常的相像。但是，它只拥有立体显示功能，并没有姿态追踪功能。也就是说当人们戴着眼镜向左右看时，眼镜里的景象不会发生变化。
转眼到了1968 年，美国计算机科学家Ivan Sutherland 发明了最接近于现代VR设备概念的VR眼镜原型，因为其重量大，需要由一副机械臂吊在人的头顶，因此被戏称为“达摩克利斯之剑”
这个VR眼镜，通过超声+ 机械轴，实现了初步的姿态检测功能。当用户的头部姿态变化时，计算机会实时计算出新的图形，显示给用户。可以说，现代的VR眼镜，都是对“达摩克利斯之剑” 的实现技术革新。（它也被称为AR的鼻祖）
1990s 第一次VR热潮到了90年代，随着市场的热捧，VR眼镜迎来了第一次热潮。
如果你生活在那个年代，你会发现，市场上媒体对VR的描述跟现在非常类似：
上图，引用自Scott Stein 的一篇介绍VR的文章。左边这张杂志，是1993年6月《科技新生活》，右边这本杂志，则是2015年8月17日《时代周刊》。是不是很像？
这种高科技玩具的产品化，引起了媒体和行业人士的极大兴趣，各大游戏机公司将其视为游戏业的一次变革机会，争先恐后地推出自己的VR眼镜产品。这里我们就不一一介绍，只给大家看一些图片。
上述产品，虽然外观跟我们今天看到的VR并没区别，但是90年代的显示器技术、3D渲染技术和动作检测技术并不成熟。观看体验远远达不到“可用”的标准。
比如其中比较有名的Virtual Boy （任天堂出品），只支持红黑两色显示，单眼分辨率只有384x224，颗粒感非常严重。
其他的品牌，虽然有的支持姿态检测，但是性能却很差。
这些VR产品上市后，被玩家诟病。所以，作为VR 的“早产儿”，它们无一例外的迅速在市场上销声匿迹。制造者们也认清了理想与现实间的巨大壁垒，纷纷偃旗息鼓，坐等技术的进一步发展。
2012 VR热潮重启2012 年Oculus Rift 问世，这是一款在Kickstarter 上众筹250万美元的VR眼镜设备，它将人们的视野重新拉回到了VR 领域，创始人本身是一个VR收集控，他用遍了上个世纪的各种VR，体验都不尽人意，于是决定自己动手，于是便有了Oculus Rift。
通过Oculus Rift，人们惊讶的发现，VR所需要的技术，近年来已经默默的产生了重大的突破。公众对VR的兴趣重新被燃起。也让企业看到了新的发展机遇。
2014 年，开源界的老大哥Google 发布了其VR体验版解决方案：CardBoard。使得人们能以极低的价格，体验到新一代的VR的效果。
CardBoard方案，需要使用自己的手机作为显示器（需要有陀螺仪），CardBoard本身结构很简单，价格也很便宜。
现在市面上的需要嵌入手机的VR眼镜（暴风墨镜、小米VR等），都是基于这个思路。其详细结构，我们会在下一个章节介绍。
2015年，HTC vive 在MWC2015 上正式发布，次年，索尼公布PSVR，随后大量的厂家开始研发自己的VR设备，VR新元年正式开始。
看到这里，大家可能觉得VR技术的发展很起伏跌宕。但其实大部分新技术，从概念出现到最终普及，都会经历一个起伏的阶段。而且，业界有一条专门描述这个过程的曲线，叫做技术成熟度曲线（The Hype Cycle）。
曲线横轴是技术随着时间的发展的成熟度，纵轴则是技术的曝光度/业界的关注度。
从曲线中可以看出，一个新技术的发展过程中，会存在这样一个规律：
新技术诞生(Technology Trigger)：新技术被提出，开始逐步进入大众视野，不断有原型产品被开发出来，刺激着大众的好奇心。
期望膨胀（Peak of Inflated Expectations）：大众企业/研究机构开始仓促进入新领域，意图抓住新的增长点，占领先机。在这个时期，人们往往忽视新技术的不足，盲目的投入人力物力，同时，媒介宣传上，也会盲目乐观， 迎合大众的兴趣，过高的宣传新技术的光明前景。
泡沫破灭(Trough of Disillusionment)：当一批批的产品被研发出来，并仓促投入到市场中时，人们终于发现，原来所谓的“光明前景”远远没有到来，各种负面的评价接踵而至，企业也终于认清现实，开始收紧投资，整个市场逐渐冷淡下来。
启蒙期(Slope of Enlightenment)：基于第一波产品的失败经验教训，人们开始缓慢地对新技术进行改进，逐步提升效果
稳定生产(Plateau of Productivity)：当新技术的性能/效果，最终能满足需求时，才进入实质的普及生产阶段。
在VR发展史上，正好可以对应到前面的几个年代时期。
了解技术成熟度曲线，可以帮助我们在新技术的应用过程中，更清晰地把握时机，做出正确的判断。
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